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Enhancing predictive capabilities in fusion burning plasmas through surrogate-based optimization in core transport solvers (2312.12610v2)
Published 19 Dec 2023 in physics.plasm-ph, cs.LG, and physics.comp-ph
Abstract: This work presents the PORTALS framework, which leverages surrogate modeling and optimization techniques to enable the prediction of core plasma profiles and performance with nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations at significantly reduced cost, with no loss of accuracy. The efficiency of PORTALS is benchmarked against standard methods, and its full potential is demonstrated on a unique, simultaneous 5-channel (electron temperature, ion temperature, electron density, impurity density and angular rotation) prediction of steady-state profiles in a DIII-D ITER Similar Shape plasma with GPU-accelerated, nonlinear CGYRO. This paper also provides general guidelines for accurate performance predictions in burning plasmas and the impact of transport modeling in fusion pilot plants studies.
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Nuclear Fusion 62(10), 106025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac8941. Publisher: IOP Publishing (23) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Perturbative transport experiments and time-dependent modeling in Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2019) (24) Jardin, S.C., Bateman, G., Hammett, G.W., Ku, L.P.: On 1D diffusion problems with a gradient-dependent diffusion coefficient. Journal of Computational Physics (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2008.06.032 (25) Pereverzev, G.V., Corrigan, G.: Stable numeric scheme for diffusion equation with a stiff transport. Computer Physics Communications 179(8), 579–585 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2008.05.006 (26) Pereverzev, G.V., Yushmanov, P.N.: ASTRA. IPP-Report IPP 5/98(February) (2002) (27) Breslau, J., Gorelenkova, M., Poli, F., Sachdev, J., Pankin, A., Perumpilly, G., Yuan, X., Glant, L.: TRANSP. Computer software. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Navarro, A.B., Luda, T., Merlo, G., Bergmann, M., Leppin, L., Görler, T., Parker, J.B., LoDestro, L., Dannert, T., Germaschewski, K., Allen, B., Hittinger, J., Dorland, B.W., Hammett, G., Jenko, F., Team, t.A.U., Team, t.E.M.: Global gyrokinetic simulations of ASDEX Upgrade up to the transport timescale with GENE–Tango. Nuclear Fusion 62(10), 106025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac8941. Publisher: IOP Publishing (23) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Perturbative transport experiments and time-dependent modeling in Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Publisher: American Institute of PhysicsAIP (29) Howard, N.T.: Simultaneous reproduction of experimental fluxes, transport coefficients, and turbulence characteristics via nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions in a diii-d iter similar shape plasma. Physics of Plasmas (submitted) (2023) (30) Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Barnes, M., Abel, I.G., Dorland, W., Görler, T., Hammett, G.W., Jenko, F.: Direct multiscale coupling of a transport code to gyrokinetic turbulence codes. Physics of Plasmas 17(5), 056109 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3323082. arXiv: 0901.2868 (22) Siena, A.D., Navarro, A.B., Luda, T., Merlo, G., Bergmann, M., Leppin, L., Görler, T., Parker, J.B., LoDestro, L., Dannert, T., Germaschewski, K., Allen, B., Hittinger, J., Dorland, B.W., Hammett, G., Jenko, F., Team, t.A.U., Team, t.E.M.: Global gyrokinetic simulations of ASDEX Upgrade up to the transport timescale with GENE–Tango. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. 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Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T.: Simultaneous reproduction of experimental fluxes, transport coefficients, and turbulence characteristics via nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions in a diii-d iter similar shape plasma. Physics of Plasmas (submitted) (2023) (30) Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T.: Simultaneous reproduction of experimental fluxes, transport coefficients, and turbulence characteristics via nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions in a diii-d iter similar shape plasma. Physics of Plasmas (submitted) (2023) (30) Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Nuclear Fusion 62(10), 106025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac8941. Publisher: IOP Publishing (23) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Perturbative transport experiments and time-dependent modeling in Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2019) (24) Jardin, S.C., Bateman, G., Hammett, G.W., Ku, L.P.: On 1D diffusion problems with a gradient-dependent diffusion coefficient. Journal of Computational Physics (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2008.06.032 (25) Pereverzev, G.V., Corrigan, G.: Stable numeric scheme for diffusion equation with a stiff transport. Computer Physics Communications 179(8), 579–585 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2008.05.006 (26) Pereverzev, G.V., Yushmanov, P.N.: ASTRA. IPP-Report IPP 5/98(February) (2002) (27) Breslau, J., Gorelenkova, M., Poli, F., Sachdev, J., Pankin, A., Perumpilly, G., Yuan, X., Glant, L.: TRANSP. Computer software. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Navarro, A.B., Luda, T., Merlo, G., Bergmann, M., Leppin, L., Görler, T., Parker, J.B., LoDestro, L., Dannert, T., Germaschewski, K., Allen, B., Hittinger, J., Dorland, B.W., Hammett, G., Jenko, F., Team, t.A.U., Team, t.E.M.: Global gyrokinetic simulations of ASDEX Upgrade up to the transport timescale with GENE–Tango. Nuclear Fusion 62(10), 106025 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ac8941. Publisher: IOP Publishing (23) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Perturbative transport experiments and time-dependent modeling in Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T.: Simultaneous reproduction of experimental fluxes, transport coefficients, and turbulence characteristics via nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions in a diii-d iter similar shape plasma. Physics of Plasmas (submitted) (2023) (30) Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T.: Simultaneous reproduction of experimental fluxes, transport coefficients, and turbulence characteristics via nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions in a diii-d iter similar shape plasma. Physics of Plasmas (submitted) (2023) (30) Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T.: Simultaneous reproduction of experimental fluxes, transport coefficients, and turbulence characteristics via nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions in a diii-d iter similar shape plasma. Physics of Plasmas (submitted) (2023) (30) Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. 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Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Publisher: American Institute of PhysicsAIP (29) Howard, N.T.: Simultaneous reproduction of experimental fluxes, transport coefficients, and turbulence characteristics via nonlinear gyrokinetic profile predictions in a diii-d iter similar shape plasma. Physics of Plasmas (submitted) (2023) (30) Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. 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Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Gardner, J.R., Pleiss, G., Bindel, D., Weinberger, K.Q., Wilson, A.G.: GPyTorch: Blackbox Matrix-Matrix Gaussian Process Inference with GPU Acceleration. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1809.11165v5 (31) Balandat, M., Karrer, B., Jiang, D.R., Daulton, S., Letham, B., Wilson, A.G., Bakshy, E.: BoTorch: A Framework for Efficient Monte-Carlo Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1910.06403 [cs, math, stat] (2020). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.06403 (32) Frazier, P.I.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization. arXiv (2018). arXiv: 1807.02811v1 (33) Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. 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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. 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Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Preuss, R., von Toussaint, U.: Optimization Employing Gaussian Process-Based Surrogates. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics and Statistics 239, 275–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91143-4_26. ISBN: 9783319911427 (34) Brochu, E., Cora, V.M., de Freitas, N.: A Tutorial on Bayesian Optimization of Expensive Cost Functions, with Application to Active User Modeling and Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2010). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1012.2599. arXiv: 1012.2599 (35) Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Astudillo, R., Frazier, P.I.: Bayesian optimization of composite functions. 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2019 2019-June(2006), 547–556 (2019). arXiv: 1906.01537 ISBN: 9781510886988 (36) Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. Journal of Global Optimization 13(4), 455–492 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306431147 (38) Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Močkus, J.: On bayesian methods for seeking the extremum. In: Marchuk, G.I. (ed.) Optimization Techniques IFIP Technical Conference Novosibirsk, July 1–7, 1974. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 400–404. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-07165-2_55 (37) Jones, D.R., Schonlau, M., Welch, W.J.: Efficient Global Optimization of Expensive Black-Box Functions. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. 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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. 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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. 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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Wang, Z., Jegelka, S.: Max-value Entropy Search for Efficient Bayesian Optimization. arXiv. arXiv:1703.01968 [cs, math, stat] (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.01968 (39) Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, I., Feng, Y., Moore, E.W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., Vijaykumar, A., Bardelli, A.P., Rothberg, A., Hilboll, A., Kloeckner, A., Scopatz, A., Lee, A., Rokem, A., Woods, C.N., Fulton, C., Masson, C., Häggström, C., Fitzgerald, C., Nicholson, D.A., Hagen, D.R., Pasechnik, D.V., Olivetti, E., Martin, E., Wieser, E., Silva, F., Lenders, F., Wilhelm, F., Young, G., Price, G.A., Ingold, G.L., Allen, G.E., Lee, G.R., Audren, H., Probst, I., Dietrich, J.P., Silterra, J., Webber, J.T., Slavič, J., Nothman, J., Buchner, J., Kulick, J., Schönberger, J.L., de Miranda Cardoso, J.V., Reimer, J., Harrington, J., Rodríguez, J.L.C., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Kuczynski, J., Tritz, K., Thoma, M., Newville, M., Kümmerer, M., Bolingbroke, M., Tartre, M., Pak, M., Smith, N.J., Nowaczyk, N., Shebanov, N., Pavlyk, O., Brodtkorb, P.A., Lee, P., McGibbon, R.T., Feldbauer, R., Lewis, S., Tygier, S., Sievert, S., Vigna, S., Peterson, S., More, S., Pudlik, T., Oshima, T., Pingel, T.J., Robitaille, T.P., Spura, T., Jones, T.R., Cera, T., Leslie, T., Zito, T., Krauss, T., Upadhyay, U., Halchenko, Y.O., Vázquez-Baeza, Y.: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods 2020 17:3 17(3), 261–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2. arXiv: 1907.10121 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group (40) Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. 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Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Levenberg, K.: A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2(2), 164–168 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/10666 (41) Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Marquardt, D.W.: An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11(2), 431–441 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030. Publisher: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (42) Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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(72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Köpf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library. arXiv (2019). arXiv: 1912.01703 Publisher: Neural information processing systems foundation (43) Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. 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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Zhu, C., Byrd, R.H., Lu, P., Nocedal, J.: Algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 23(4), 550–560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236. Publisher: ACM PUB27 New York, NY, USA (44) Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Fortin, F.A., De Rainville, F.M., Gardner, M.A., Parizeau, M., Gagńe, C.: DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research 13, 2171–2175 (2012) (45) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. 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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Prediction of core kinetic profiles and burning plasma performance with high-fidelity gyrokinetic simulations in tokamaks. EPS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (46) Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bourdelle, C.: Turbulent particle transport in magnetized fusion plasma. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 47(5 A) (2005). https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/47/5A/023 (47) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. 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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Greenwald, M.J., Creely, A.J., Hughes, J.W., Wright, J.C., Holland, C., Lin, Y., Sciortino, F., Team, t.S.: Predictions of core plasma performance for the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001075. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (48) Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Holland, C.: Characterization of predicted confinement and transport in an arc-class tokamak power plant. APS Division of Plasma Physics (2023) (49) Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Ballinger, S.B., Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, J., Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, R., Gray, T.K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, J.H., Izzo, V.A., Kramer, G.J., Kuang, A.Q., LaBombard, B., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N.C., Lore, J.D., Marmar, E.S., Montes, K., Mumgaard, R.T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M.L., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, F., Scott, S.D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P.B., Sorbom, B.N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, R.A., Tolman, E.A., Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, D.G., Wright, J.C., Wukitch, S.J., Zhu, J., SPARC Team: Overview of the SPARC tokamak. Journal of Plasma Physics 86(5), 865860502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001257. Publisher: Cambridge University Press (50) Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. 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Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. 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Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Bonilla, E.V., Chai, K., Williams, C.: Multi-task Gaussian Process Prediction. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 20. Curran Associates, Inc., ??? (2007) (51) Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Greenwald, M.: Overview of experimental results and code validation activities at Alcator C-Mod. Nuclear Fusion 53, 104004 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104004 (52) Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Hughes, J.W., Mossessian, D., Zhurovich, K., DeMaria, M., Jensen, K., Hubbard, A.: Thomson scattering upgrades on Alcator C-Mod. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), 1667–1670 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1532764 (53) O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- O’Shea, P.J., Bonoli, P., Hubbard, A., Porkolab, M., Takase, Y.: In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Radio Frequency Power In Plasmas, vol. 403, p. 89. AIP (1997) (54) Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Meneghini, O., Smith, S.P., Lao, L.L., Izacard, O., Ren, Q., Park, J.M., Candy, J., Wang, Z., Luna, C.J., Izzo, V.A., Grierson, B.A., Snyder, P.B., Holland, C., Penna, J., Lu, G., Raum, P., McCubbin, A., Orlov, D.M., Belli, E.A., Ferraro, N.M., Prater, R., Osborne, T.H., Turnbull, A.D., Staebler, G.M., Team, T.A.: Integrated modeling applications for tokamak experiments with OMFIT. Nuclear Fusion 55(8), 083008 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/55/8/083008. Publisher: IOP Publishing (55) Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Kotschenreuther, M., Dorland, W., Beer, M.A., Hammett, G.W.: Quantitative predictions of tokamak energy confinement from first-principles simulations with kinetic effects. Physics of Plasmas 2(6), 2381–2389 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871261 (56) Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Sauter, O., Brunner, S., Kim, D., Merlo, G., Behn, R., Camenen, Y., Coda, S., Duval, B.P., Federspiel, L., Goodman, T.P., Karpushov, A., Merle, A., Team, T.: On the non-stiffness of edge transport in L-mode tokamak plasmas. Physics of Plasmas 21(5) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4876612 (57) Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. 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Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Holland, C., Bass, E.M., Orlov, D.M., McClenaghan, J., Lyons, B.C., Grierson, B.A., Jian, X., Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.: Development of compact tokamak fusion reactor use cases to inform future transport studies. Journal of Plasma Physics 89(4), 905890418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377823000843 (58) Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Kotschenreuther, M., Liu, X., Hatch, D.R., Mahajan, S., Zheng, L., Diallo, A., Groebner, R., Hillesheim, J.C., Maggi, C.F., Giroud, C., Koechl, F., Parail, V., Saarelma, S., Solano, E., Chankin, A.: Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’. Nuclear Fusion 59(9), 096001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AB1FA2. arXiv: 1903.09994 Publisher: IOP Publishing (59) Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Belli, E.A., Candy, J.: Asymmetry between deuterium and tritium turbulent particle flows. Physics of Plasmas 28(6), 062301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0048620. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC AIP Publishing (60) Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Sugama, H., Norton, W.: Transport processes and entropy production in toroidally rotating plasmas with electrostatic turbulence. Physics of Plasmas 4(2), 405–418 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.872099 (61) Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Arbon, R., Candy, J., Belli, E.A.: Rapidly-convergent flux-surface shape parameterization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63(1), 012001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abc63b (62) Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Angioni, C., Bonanomi, N., Fable, E., Schneider, P.A., Tardini, G., Luda, T., Staebler, G.M., Team, t.A.U.: The dependence of tokamak L-mode confinement on magnetic field and plasma size, from a magnetic field scan experiment at ASDEX Upgrade to full-radius integrated modelling and fusion reactor predictions. Nuclear Fusion 63(5), 056005 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acc193. Publisher: IOP Publishing (63) Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Angioni, C., Gamot, T., Tardini, G., Fable, E., Luda, T., Bonanomi, N., Kiefer, C., Staebler, G., ASDEX Upgrade Team, T., Mst, E.: Confinement properties of L-mode plasmas in ASDEX Upgrade and full-radius predictions of the TGLF transport model. Nuclear Fusion 62, 066015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/AC592B. Publisher: IOP Publishing (64) Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Wilson, H., Chapman, I., Denton, T., Morris, W., Patel, B., Voss, G., Waldon, C., Team, t.S.: STEP—on the pathway to fusion commercialization. In: Commercialising Fusion Energy: How Small Businesses Are Transforming Big Science. IOP Publishing, ??? (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-2719-0ch8 (65) Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Verdoolaege, G., Kaye, S.M., Angioni, C., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Romanelli, M., Ryter, F., Thomsen, K.: The updated ITPA global H-mode confinement database: description and analysis. Nuclear Fusion 61, 076006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abdb91 (66) Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Battaglia, D., Body, T., Creely, A.J., Hasse, C., Logan, J., Mumgaard, R.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Schneider, N., Sorbom, B.N., Tse, C., Vernacchia, M., Nelson, A.O.: cfs-energy/cfspopcon: v4.0.0 (2023) (67) Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Angioni, C., Weisen, H., Kardaun, O.J.W.F., Maslov, M., Zabolotsky, A., Fuchs, C., Garzotti, L., Giroud, C., Kurzan, B., Mantica, P., Peeters, A.G., Stober, J.: Scaling of density peaking in H-mode plasmas based on a combined database of AUG and JET observations. Nuclear Fusion 47(9), 1326–1335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/033 (68) Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Howard, N.T., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P. P., Holland, C., Rice, J.E., Greenwald, M., Candy, J., Sciortino, F.: Gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence and transport in the SPARC tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 28, 072502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047789. Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC (69) White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- White, A.E.: Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements. Journal of Plasma Physics 85(1), 925850102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377818001253 (70) Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., White, A.E., Creely, A.J., Greenwald, M.J., Howard, N.T., Sciortino, F., Wright, J.C.: VITALS: A surrogate-based optimization framework for the accelerated validation of plasma transport codes. Fusion Science and Technology 74(1-2), 65–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166. Publisher: Taylor & Francis (71) Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Honda, M.: Application of genetic algorithms to modelings of fusion plasma physics. Computer Physics Communications 231, 94–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.04.025. Publisher: Elsevier B.V. (72) Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
- Siena, A.D., Rodriguez-Fernandez, P., Howard, N.T., Navarro, A.B., Bilato, R., Görler, T., Poli, E., Merlo, G., Wright, J., Greenwald, M., Jenko, F.: Predictions of improved confinement in SPARC via energetic particle turbulence stabilization. Nuclear Fusion 63(3), 036003 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/acb1c7. Publisher: IOP Publishing
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