Unobserved Grouped Heteroskedasticity and Fixed Effects (2310.14068v2)

Abstract: This paper extends the linear grouped fixed effects (GFE) panel model to allow for heteroskedasticity from a discrete latent group variable. Key features of GFE are preserved, such as individuals belonging to one of a finite number of groups and group membership is unrestricted and estimated. Ignoring group heteroskedasticity may lead to poor classification, which is detrimental to finite sample bias and standard errors of estimators. I introduce the "weighted grouped fixed effects" (WGFE) estimator that minimizes a weighted average of group sum of squared residuals. I establish $\sqrt{NT}$-consistency and normality under a concept of group separation based on second moments. A test of group homoskedasticity is discussed. A fast computation procedure is provided. Simulations show that WGFE outperforms alternatives that exclude second moment information. I demonstrate this approach by considering the link between income and democracy and the effect of unionization on earnings.