Distinguishing the nanohertz gravitational-wave sources by the observations of compact dark matter subhalos

Abstract: The latest pulsar timing array data reveals evidence of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs), which have been explained by both cosmological and astrophysical sources. However, current observations lack the precision needed to differentiate between different models from the spectral index. We find that the cosmological GW sources, including bubble collisions, sound waves, domain walls, condensate fragmentations, and primordial curvature perturbations, induce large energy density perturbations so that most dark matter will exist in gravitationally self-bound subhalos. Then, the observation of such substructures of dark matter can serve as a novel independent method to confirm or exclude the cosmological GW sources.