Second Order Linear Elliptic Equations and Hodge-Dirac Operators

Abstract: In this paper we show how a second order scalar uniformly elliptic equation on divergence form with measurable coefficients and Dirichlet boundary conditions can be transformed into a first order elliptic system with half-Dirichlet boundary condition. This first order system involves Hodge-Dirac operators and can be seen as a natural generalization of the Beltrami equation in the plane and we develop a theory for this equation, extending results from the plane to higher dimension. The reduction to a first order system applies both to linear as well as quasilinear second order equations and we believe this to be of independent interest. Using the first order system, we give a new representation formula of the solution of the Dirichlet problem both on simply and finitely connected domains. This representation formula involves only singular integral operators of convolution type and Neumann series there of, for which classical Calder\'on-Zygmund theory is applicable. Moreover, no use is made of any fundamental solution or Green's function beside fundamental solutions of constant coefficient operators. Remarkably, this representation formula applies also for solutions of the fully non-linear first order system. We hope that the representation formula could be used for numerically solving the equations. Using these tools we give a new short proof of Meyers' higher integrability theorem. Furthermore, we show that the solutions of the first order system are H\"older continuous with the same H\"older coefficient as the solutions of the second order equations. Finally, factorization identities and representation formulas for the higher dimensional Beurling-Ahlfors operator are proven.