Decisions and disease: a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation

Abstract: In numerous contexts, individuals may decide whether they take actions to mitigate the spread of disease, or not. Mitigating the spread of disease requires an individual to change their routine behaviours to benefit others, resulting in a 'disease dilemma' similar to the seminal prisoner's dilemma. In the classical prisoner's dilemma, evolutionary game dynamics predict that all individuals evolve to 'defect.' We have discovered that when the rate of cooperation within a population is directly linked to the rate of spread of the disease, cooperation evolves under certain conditions. For diseases which do not confer immunity to recovered individuals, if the time scale at which individuals receive information is sufficiently rapid compared to the time scale at which the disease spreads, then cooperation emerges. Moreover, in the limit as mitigation measures become increasingly effective, the disease can be controlled, and the rate of infections tends to zero. Our model is based on theoretical mathematics and therefore unconstrained to any single context. For example, the disease spreading model considered here could also be used to describe social and group dynamics. In this sense, we may have discovered a fundamental and novel mechanism for the evolution of cooperation in a broad sense.