Estimating Statistical Uncertainties of Internal Kinematics of Galaxies and Star Clusters Derived Using Full Spectrum Fitting

Abstract: Pixel-space full spectrum fitting exploiting non-linear $\chi^2$ minimization became a \emph{de facto} standard way of deriving internal kinematics from absorption line spectra of galaxies and star clusters. However, reliable estimation of uncertainties for kinematic parameters remains a challenge and is usually addressed by running computationally expensive Monte-Carlo simulations. Here we derive simple formulae for the radial velocity and velocity dispersion uncertainties based solely on the shape of a template spectrum used in the fitting procedure and signal-to-noise information. Comparison with Monte-Carlo simulations provides perfect agreement for different templates, signal-to-noise ratios and velocity dispersion between 0.5 and 10 times of the instrumental spectral resolution. We provide {\sc IDL} and {\sc python} implementations of our approach. The main applications are: (i) exposure time calculators; (ii) design of observational programs and estimates on expected uncertainties for spectral surveys of galaxies and star clusters; (iii) a cheap and accurate substitute for Monte-Carlo simulations when running them for large samples of thousands of spectra is unfeasible or when uncertainties reported by a non-linear minimization algorithms are not considered reliable.