Photonic crystals for nano-light in moiré graphene superlattices

Abstract: Graphene is an atomically thin plasmonic medium that supports highly confined plasmon polaritons, or nano-light, with very low loss. Electronic properties of graphene can be drastically altered when it is laid upon another graphene layer, resulting in a moir\'e superlattice. The relative twist angle between the two layers is a key tuning parameter of the interlayer coupling in thus obtained twisted bilayer graphene (TBG). We studied propagation of plasmon polaritons in TBG by infrared nano-imaging. We discovered that the atomic reconstruction occurring at small twist angles transforms the TBG into a natural plasmon photonic crystal for propagating nano-light. This discovery points to a pathway towards controlling nano-light by exploiting quantum properties of graphene and other atomically layered van der Waals materials eliminating need for arduous top-down nanofabrication.