Quantifying singularities with differential operators

Abstract: The $F$-signature of a local ring of prime characteristic is a numerical invariant that detects many interesting properties. For example, this invariant detects (non)singularity and strong $F$-regularity. However, it is very difficult to compute. Motivated by different aspects of the $F$-signature, we define a numerical invariant for rings of characteristic zero or $p>0$ that exhibits many of the useful properties of the $F$-signature. We also compute many examples of this invariant, including cases where the $F$-signature is not known. We also obtain a number of results on symbolic powers and Bernstein-Sato polynomials.