Unified coordination of ESS regulation and train trajectory adjustment for frequency support

Establish a unified control framework that coordinates energy-storage-system regulation and train speed-trajectory adjustment for grid-frequency support without compromising railway scheduling and operational constraints.

Background

The review describes two complementary mechanisms for railway frequency regulation: ESSs can respond rapidly to frequency fluctuations, while modifying train speed profiles can provide more sustained power adjustment. Existing studies treat these mechanisms separately, and the review states that their coordination within one control framework remains unresolved, especially in dense and complex railway environments.

References

Though effective individually, coordinating both within a unified control framework remains an open challenge, particularly in complex railway environments with dense traffic.

— Review on Electric Railway System Optimization: Train Dynamic Scheduling, Energy Management, and Storage Integration  (2609.16939 - Liu et al., 15 Sep 2026) in Section 4.3.2, “Frequency Regulation”