Resolution of discrepancy on balance of kinetic-inertial-range turbulence

Ascertain a definitive theoretical and observational resolution of the discrepancy between Parker Solar Probe observations indicating persisting imbalance of kinetic Alfvénic turbulence in the kinetic-inertial range and the helicity barrier turbulence model that predicts the formation of balanced turbulence at these scales.

Background

The paper reports that as scales decrease past the transition range, turbulence trends toward increased balance but remains imbalanced in the kinetic-inertial range, with outward-propagating KAWs dominating. This contrasts with predictions from the helicity barrier model, which suggests that turbulence should become balanced. Reconciling these findings requires clarifying the mechanisms governing imbalance at kinetic scales.