Construct a quantitative description of non-critical transverse-momentum dynamics

Construct a comprehensive quantitative framework that describes the principal non-critical contributions to C_{p_T} across the full range of beam energies and collision centralities, including baryon transport, hadronic chemistry, rescattering, and the effective equation of state.

Background

The observed C_{p_T} non-monotonicity can receive energy- and centrality-dependent contributions from several non-critical mechanisms. These include changing mesonic and baryonic composition, baryon stopping and transport, hadronic rescattering, antibaryon annihilation, and evolution of the effective equation of state.

The paper explains that existing transport and Boltzmann--Langevin approaches do not yet provide a comprehensive quantitative description of these processes over the full BES energy and centrality ranges. Such a description is needed to determine whether the observed structure can arise without a critical contribution and to disentangle non-critical dynamics from critical effects.