Quantify inertial error from mass scaling

Quantify independently the inertial error introduced into the transient concrete-penetration response by the LS-DYNA mass-scaling parameter DT2MS = −1×10⁻⁴.

Background

The simulations use explicit central-difference time integration, whose stable time step is constrained by the element size and material wave speed. To increase the time step, the model applies mass scaling to elements whose stable step falls below the specified threshold DT2MS = −1×10⁻⁴.

Mass scaling changes the effective inertia of the discretized system and may therefore alter the transient penetration response. The paper identifies the computational-cost benefit but does not independently quantify the resulting inertial error, leaving its effect on the simulated stress fields and projectile dynamics unresolved.

References

The inertial error introduced into the transient response by mass scaling has not been quantified independently, and is declared honestly as a trade-off between computational cost and inertial error.

— Field-level prediction of mid-plane stress tensor fields in concrete target penetration: a cross-velocity graph neural operator surrogate  (2609.10032 - Du et al., 9 Sep 2026) in Section 2.3, Numerical solution settings