Dice Question Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Kernel and cokernel characterization of duality operators

Determine the kernel and cokernel of the strongly symmetric duality operator \mathcal{D}^{(g)} between H^g and \tilde{H}: prove that \mathrm{ker}\,\mathcal{D}^{(g)} = \mathscr{H} / \mathscr{H}_g^{\hat{1}} and that \mathrm{coker}\,\mathcal{D}^{(g)} = \tilde{\mathscr{H}} / \tilde{\mathscr{H}}^{c} for all g in the conjugacy class c.

Information Square Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Background

From the proposed projector relations, the authors infer that duality operators act as sector projectors up to normalization. They then conjecture precise formulae for the kernel and cokernel of \mathcal{D}{(g)}, identifying the parts of the original and dual Hilbert spaces annihilated or not reached by \mathcal{D}{(g)}.

Establishing these identities would make the non-invertibility of gauging mathematically transparent by specifying exactly which sectors are lost or gained under duality, and would support rigorous spectral matching across sectors.

References

From eq:DdaggerD and eq:DDdagger, we realize that both $(\mathcal{D}{(g)} )\dag \mathcal{D}{(g)}$ and $\mathcal{D}{(g)} (\mathcal{D}{(g)} )\dag$ are proportional to a projector in Hilbert spaces $\mathscr{H}_g$ and $\tilde{\mathscr{H}}$. We therefore conjecture that the kernel of the duality operator (with or without twist) is precisely \begin{equation} \mathrm{ker}\, \mathcal{D}{(g)} = \mathscr{H} / \mathscr{H}_g{\hat{1} \;, \quad \forall g \in c \;, \label{eq:kernelD} \end{equation} and analogously the cokernel of the duality operator becomes \begin{equation} \mathrm{coker}\, \mathcal{D}{(g)} = \mathrm{ker}\, \left(\mathcal{D}{(g)}\right){\dagger} =\tilde{\mathscr{H} / \tilde{\mathscr{H}{c} \;, \quad \forall g \in c \;. \label{eq:cokernelD} \end{equation}

Global symmetries of quantum lattice models under non-invertible dualities (2501.12514 - Cao et al., 21 Jan 2025) in Section 3.1 (Duality transformations on twist/symmetry sectors), Eqs. (eq:kernelD) and (eq:cokernelD)