Identify governing equations for domains with unknown physics

Ascertain which partial differential equations or ordinary differential equations correctly describe the basic physics in application domains—such as engineering, biology, medicine, and materials science—where the underlying physics is still unknown.

Background

The authors emphasize that in many domains relevant to digital twins, the fundamental physical laws remain undetermined, posing a barrier to reliable modeling and simulation.

They note that until the appropriate governing equations are identified, mathematical analysis, validation, and downstream tasks such as reduced-order modeling and uncertainty quantification cannot be systematically developed for these systems.