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Isohedral numbers: boundedness and realizable values

Determine which positive integers can occur as the isohedral number of a shape in the Euclidean plane and whether the set of isohedral numbers is bounded above.

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Background

The isohedral number of a shape is the minimum number of transitivity classes in any tiling it admits; it quantifies how far a shape is from allowing an isohedral tiling. Empirical computations have found examples up to 10 (with 7 not observed in the reported dataset), but there is no known bound or full characterization.

The author explicitly states that we do not know which integers are achievable or whether a bound exists, paralleling the uncertainty around Heesch numbers.

References

As with Heesch numbers, we do not know which positive integers can be isohedral numbers, or whether these numbers are bounded.

The Path to Aperiodic Monotiles (2509.12216 - Kaplan, 2 Sep 2025) in Section "Isohedral Numbers"