Appropriate Inverter-Based Resource Model

Determine which model is most appropriate for inverter-based resources in reachability-based time-domain distance protection, namely current-source, voltage-source, or more complicated RLC-circuit representations.

Background

The proposed reachability and reduced-order protection framework requires a model of the network’s sources, including inverter-based resources (IBRs). The paper’s simulations treat IBRs as voltage sources, but IBR fault behavior can also be represented using current sources or more detailed RLC circuits. The authors explicitly identify the choice among these representations as unresolved, with implications for model fidelity, network dependence, and the robustness of the resulting protection tests.