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Internet Sanctions on Russian Media: Actions and Effects (2403.05638v1)

Published 8 Mar 2024 in cs.NI, cs.CR, and cs.CY

Abstract: As a response to the Russian aggression against Ukraine, the European Union (EU), through the notion of "digital sovereignty", imposed sanctions on organizations and individuals affiliated with the Russian Federation that prohibit broadcasting content, including online distribution. In this paper, we interrogate the implementation of these sanctions and interpret them as a means to translate the union of states' governmental edicts into effective technical countermeasures. Through longitudinal traffic analysis, we construct an understanding of how ISPs in different EU countries attempted to enforce these sanctions, and compare these implementations to similar measures in other western countries. We find a wide variation of blocking coverage, both internationally and within individual member states. We draw the conclusion that digital sovereignty through sanctions in the EU has a concrete but distinctly limited impact on information flows.

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In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Clément Perarnaud, Julien Rossi, Francesca Musiani, and Lucien Castex. 2022. ’Splinternets’: Addressing the renewed debate on internet fragmentation. Technical Report PE 729.530. European Parliamentary Research Service, Brussels. 80 pages. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2022/729530/EPRS_STU(2022)729530_EN.pdf Poort et al. (2014) Joost Poort, Jorna Leenheer, Jeroen van der Ham, and Cosmin Dumitru. 2014. Baywatch: Two approaches to measure the effects of blocking access to The Pirate Bay. Telecommunications Policy 38, 4 (2014), 383–392. Ramesh et al. (2022) Reethika Ramesh, Ram Sundara Raman, Apurva Virkud, Alexandra Dirksen, Armin Huremagic, David Fifield Dirk Rodenburg, Rod Hynes, Doug Madory, and Roya Ensafi. 2022. Network Responses to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine in 2022: A Cautionary Tale for Internet Freedom. (2022). Rimkevich and Savinov (2019) Svetlana Viktorovna Rimkevich and Yuri Anatolievich Savinov. 2019. Economic sanctions as a trade war tool in telecom equipment market. Russian Foreign Economic Journal 7 (2019), 75–89. https://ideas.repec.org//a/alq/rufejo/rfej_2019_07_75-89.html Publisher: Russian Foreign Trade Academy Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation. Roskomsvoboda (2022) Roskomsvoboda. 2022. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2023-russia-a-year-after-the-conflict/ Russian media github pull request ([n. d.]) Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Joost Poort, Jorna Leenheer, Jeroen van der Ham, and Cosmin Dumitru. 2014. Baywatch: Two approaches to measure the effects of blocking access to The Pirate Bay. Telecommunications Policy 38, 4 (2014), 383–392. Ramesh et al. (2022) Reethika Ramesh, Ram Sundara Raman, Apurva Virkud, Alexandra Dirksen, Armin Huremagic, David Fifield Dirk Rodenburg, Rod Hynes, Doug Madory, and Roya Ensafi. 2022. Network Responses to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine in 2022: A Cautionary Tale for Internet Freedom. (2022). Rimkevich and Savinov (2019) Svetlana Viktorovna Rimkevich and Yuri Anatolievich Savinov. 2019. Economic sanctions as a trade war tool in telecom equipment market. Russian Foreign Economic Journal 7 (2019), 75–89. https://ideas.repec.org//a/alq/rufejo/rfej_2019_07_75-89.html Publisher: Russian Foreign Trade Academy Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation. Roskomsvoboda (2022) Roskomsvoboda. 2022. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2023-russia-a-year-after-the-conflict/ Russian media github pull request ([n. d.]) Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Reethika Ramesh, Ram Sundara Raman, Apurva Virkud, Alexandra Dirksen, Armin Huremagic, David Fifield Dirk Rodenburg, Rod Hynes, Doug Madory, and Roya Ensafi. 2022. Network Responses to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine in 2022: A Cautionary Tale for Internet Freedom. (2022). Rimkevich and Savinov (2019) Svetlana Viktorovna Rimkevich and Yuri Anatolievich Savinov. 2019. Economic sanctions as a trade war tool in telecom equipment market. Russian Foreign Economic Journal 7 (2019), 75–89. https://ideas.repec.org//a/alq/rufejo/rfej_2019_07_75-89.html Publisher: Russian Foreign Trade Academy Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation. Roskomsvoboda (2022) Roskomsvoboda. 2022. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2023-russia-a-year-after-the-conflict/ Russian media github pull request ([n. d.]) Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Svetlana Viktorovna Rimkevich and Yuri Anatolievich Savinov. 2019. Economic sanctions as a trade war tool in telecom equipment market. Russian Foreign Economic Journal 7 (2019), 75–89. https://ideas.repec.org//a/alq/rufejo/rfej_2019_07_75-89.html Publisher: Russian Foreign Trade Academy Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation. Roskomsvoboda (2022) Roskomsvoboda. 2022. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2023-russia-a-year-after-the-conflict/ Russian media github pull request ([n. d.]) Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. 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Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. 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Roskomsvoboda. 2022. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2023-russia-a-year-after-the-conflict/ Russian media github pull request ([n. d.]) Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. 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Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. 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Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. 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OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press.
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Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. 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OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Svetlana Viktorovna Rimkevich and Yuri Anatolievich Savinov. 2019. Economic sanctions as a trade war tool in telecom equipment market. Russian Foreign Economic Journal 7 (2019), 75–89. https://ideas.repec.org//a/alq/rufejo/rfej_2019_07_75-89.html Publisher: Russian Foreign Trade Academy Ministry of economic development of the Russian Federation. Roskomsvoboda (2022) Roskomsvoboda. 2022. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2023-russia-a-year-after-the-conflict/ Russian media github pull request ([n. d.]) Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Roskomsvoboda. 2022. How Internet censorship changed in Russia during the 1st year of military conflict in Ukraine. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2023-russia-a-year-after-the-conflict/ Russian media github pull request ([n. d.]) Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Russian media github pull request. [n. d.]. https://github.com/citizenlab/test-lists/pull/1271. Staff (2015) RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. RIPE Ncc Staff. 2015. Ripe atlas: A global internet measurement network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015), 2–26. ten Oever and Milan (2022) Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Niels ten Oever and Stefania Milan. 2022. The Making of International Communication Standards: Towards a Theory of Power in Standardization. Journal of Standardisation 1 (June 2022). https://doi.org/10.18757/jos.2022.6205 Tsai et al. (2023) Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Elisa Tsai, Deepak Kumar, Ram Sundara Raman, Gavin Li, Yael Eiger, and Roya Ensafi. 2023. CERTainty: Detecting DNS Manipulation at Scale using TLS Certificates. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, 3 (jul 2023), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0073 UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking ([n. d.]) UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. UK sanctions law, A&A, and Domain blocking. [n. d.]. https://www.aa.net.uk/etc/news/uk-sanctions-law-aa-and-domain-blocking/. Ververis et al. (2021) Vasilis Ververis, Tatiana Ermakova, Marios Isaakidis, Simone Basso, Benjamin Fabian, and Stefania Milan. 2021. Understanding Internet Censorship in Europe: The Case of Spain. In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. 319–328. Ververis et al. (2019) Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. 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(2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Vasilis Ververis, Marios Isaakidis, Valentin Weber, and Benjamin Fabian. 2019. Shedding Light on Mobile App Store Censorship. In Adjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’19 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314183.3324965 Ververis et al. (2023) Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. 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Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. 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Vasilis Ververis, Lucas Lasota, Tatiana Ermakova, and Benjamin Fabian. 2023. Website blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet. Policy & Internet (2023). We, The Undersigned (2022) We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. New blocks emerge in Russia amid war in Ukraine: An OONI network measurement analysis. OONI (2022). https://ooni.org/post/2022-russia-blocks-amid-ru-ua-conflict/ Zajácz (2019) Rita Zajácz. 2019. Reluctant Power: Networks, Corporations, and the Struggle for Global Governance in the Early 20th Century. MIT Press. We, The Undersigned. 2022. Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. https://wiki.sanctions.net/index.php/The_Open_Letter. Xynou and Filastò (2022) Maria Xynou and Arturo Filastò. 2022. 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