Unexpectedly large violation of isospin symmetry in nucleus-nucleus collisions at CERN SPS energies

Abstract: The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS reports an unexpectedly large excess in the inclusive production of charged over neutral kaons in 0-10% central Ar+Sc collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=8.8$ and 11.9 GeV. This effect corresponds to an unexpectedly large violation of isospin symmetry, that cannot be explained by known mechanisms contained in the present theoretical models. The comparison of the NA61/SHINE results to data from other experiments reveals, within sizeable uncertainties, a consistent isospin symmetry-violating excess of charged kaon production in the energy regime $2.6&lt;\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}&lt;200$ GeV. At LHC energies ($0.9&lt;\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}&lt;13$ TeV) the charged-over-neutral kaon ratio appears consistent with unity, but the uncertainties remain sizeable. A similar excess of charged over neutral kaon yields is observed by NA61/SHINE in minimum bias $π<sup>-$+C reactions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=17.3$ and 25.7 GeV, also in disagreement with model predictions. No clear theoretical explanation of these phenomena has been provided so far. An unexpectedly large violation of isospin symmetry brings potential heavy consequences for our understanding of particle production, and calls for a concentrated experimental and theoretical effort.