Climate change and human mobility will shape dengue emergence risk in Europe

Abstract: The risk of local arbovirus outbreaks in Europe is expected to increase due to climate change, as suggested by the multiplication of arbovirus outbreaks in the last decades. Europe has historically been a non-endemic region, making it vital to pinpoint which populations are potentially exposed -and under which conditions- so we can build truly robust epidemic preparedness capabilities. We introduce an integrated, multi-scale model that fuses a mechanistic transmission engine with a vector abundance framework, all embedded in a mobility-driven metapopulation system capturing human, vector, and air-traffic movement. To this end, we combine climate and population projections with mobility data to estimate and map dengue emergence risk in Europe throughout the 21st century. Additionally, we introduce a dedicated migration model that explores how climate-driven population redistribution could alter these risk estimates.Assuming the climate avoids major tipping points, model-derived risk indicators increase substantially under most emissions scenarios. While the spatio-temporal risk will remain largely driven by importation, our results indicate a gradual transition toward an environment-driven regime, particularly under the worst-case emissions scenario. To better anticipate and manage recurrent arbovirus outbreaks, our findings highlight the need to integrate mobility pathways and climate-driven population redistribution into predictive models of vector-borne disease emergence in temperate regions.