High multiplex and precision: the design and development of FLEX, a grid-based fiber positioner with large patrol radius and minimized telecentric error

Abstract: In next-generation spectroscopic facilities, high-multiplex fiber positioning systems must operate within highly constrained focal surfaces, such as the Wide-Field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST) requiring 30,000+ fibers across a 1.4-meter surface. The Fiber Location EXtender (FLEX) positioner meets these constraints by improving fiber patrol radii while minimizing telecentric error and positioner spacing for dense clustering and high Multi-Object Spectrograph (MOS) multiplexing. The patented FLEX concept utilizes a superelastic nickel-titanium alloy (Nitinol) inside three concentric, geometrically altered tubes. This construction ensures the tip remains parallel with its base during tilting, while internal routing allows the fiber to run freely along the axis to minimize Focal Ratio Degradation (FRD). Designed for a patrol radius of 2.5x the pitch within the WST architecture, the design delivers a maximum patrol radius up to ~22.5 mm with a telecentric error of less than 0.39 degrees. FLEX utilizes three piezoelectric actuators to provide large radial displacements and precise focus adjustment. To scale this architecture, a modular focal surface layout of 90 identical curvilinear modules has been devised. This layout houses 30,240 positioners across a 2-degree hexagonal field-of-view (FoV), accommodating a central hole for an Integral Field pickoff mirror. Only three support struts are required, obscuring just 0.8% of the FoV while allowing full positioner coverage. One in 16 positioners is allocated for high-resolution spectroscopy, with the remainder split among three low-resolution spectrograph sets; all four sets achieve virtually full coverage of the FoV.