Sharpness characterizes Hill functions

Abstract: While long treated as empirical fits, Hill functions have been postulated to be the universal Hopfield barrier for sharpness of input-output responses by Martinez-Corral, Nam, DePace, and Gunawardena. A Hopfield barrier is a fundamental limit on how well biological systems can process information without expending energy. Their case rested on numerical findings for Hill coefficients $4$ and $6$. We give a precise formulation and proof of this: measuring sharpness by the supremum of the derivative in semi-log scale, any rational function $$r(x)=(α_0+α_1 x+ \cdots +α_n x^n)/(β_0 + β_1 x+ \cdots + β_n x<sup>n)$$ with real coefficients $0\leq α_i\leq β_i$ has sharpness at most $n/4$, with equality if and only if $r$ is a Hill function with Hill coefficient $n$.