Characterizing Communication Patterns in Distributed Large Language Model Inference

Abstract: LLMs built on transformer architectures have transformed natural language processing, achieving remarkable performance across diverse applications. While distributed inference frameworks enable practical deployment of these models, inter-GPU communication creates significant performance constraints that limit service quality in real-world systems. This paper investigates communication dynamics in distributed LLM serving-analyzing how various parallelization approaches coordinate data exchange between GPU workers during inference. We study dense transformer-based models as representative examples of contemporary architectures widely used in operational deployments. Our work combines detailed profiling measurements with predictive analytical models to characterize communication behavior across different parallelization configurations. Results show that tensor parallelism incurs substantial network overhead but delivers superior response times for brief sequences, pipeline parallelism minimizes data transfer requirements while increasing total latency, and combined approaches demand careful tuning to achieve balanced performance. These insights offer practical recommendations for selecting appropriate parallelization schemes in production LLM services and identify key opportunities for optimizing inference frameworks and communication infrastructure.