Evidence for evolutionary pathway-dependent black hole scaling relations (2504.00172v1)

Abstract: Recent observations have identified an abundance of high-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGN) with supermassive black holes (BHs) that are over-massive compared to the local BH mass$-$total stellar mass ($M_{\mathrm{BH}}-M_\star$) relation. $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ measurements at high-$z$ are critical for probing the growth histories of BHs and their host galaxies, including BH seeding and evolution of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-M_\star$ relation. However, BH masses in high-$z$ AGN are generally estimated from single-epoch measurements, which are anchored to local relations based on reverberation mapping and carry large systematic uncertainties. Alternate $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ detection methods such as dynamical measurements are more reliable but currently only possible in the local Universe or with strongly lensed systems. Recently, dynamical $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ measurements were made in a $z\sim2$ lensed quiescent galaxy as well as a sample of six local galaxies identified as likely relics of common quiescent red nugget galaxies at cosmic noon. We compare the $z\sim2$ red nugget and relic BHs to recent results for $4<z<11$ AGN, quasars, and Little Red Dots. Intriguingly, the $z\sim2$ galaxy and local relic galaxies all lie on both the local $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-M_\star$ relation for bulges and the $4<z<7$ $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-M_\star$ relation. Our results suggest the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-M_\star$ relation for bulges was likely in place at high-$z$ and indicate careful consideration of different evolutionary pathways is needed when building BH scaling relations. While improvements to $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ estimates in AGN will increase our confidence in high-$z$ BH masses, detecting BHs in relic galaxies and lensed galaxies presents a complementary probe of the high-$z$ relations.