A Million Three-body Binaries Caught by Gaia (2503.14605v2)

Abstract: Gaia observations have revealed over a million stellar binary candidates within ~1 kpc of the Sun, predominantly characterized by orbital separations >10^3 AU and eccentricities >0.7. The prevalence of such wide, eccentric binaries has proven challenging to explain through canonical binary formation channels. However, recent advances in our understanding of three-body binary formation (3BBF) -- new binary assembly by the gravitational scattering of three unbound bodies -- have shown that 3BBF in star clusters can efficiently generate wide, highly eccentric binaries. We further explore this possibility by constructing a semi-analytic model of the Galactic binary population in the solar neighborhood, originating from 3BBF in star clusters. The model relies on 3BBF scattering experiments to determine how the 3BBF rate and resulting binary properties scale with local stellar density and velocity dispersion. We then model the Galactic star cluster population, incorporating up-to-date prescriptions for the Galaxy's star formation history as well as the birth properties and internal evolution of its star clusters. Finally, we account for binary destruction induced by perturbations from stellar interactions before cluster escape and and for subsequent changes to binary orbital elements by dynamical interactions in the Galactic field. Without any explicit fine-tuning, our model closely reproduces both the total number of Gaia's wide binaries and their separation distribution, and qualitatively matches the eccentricity distribution, suggesting that 3BBF may be an important formation channel for these enigmatic systems.