Smooth digital terrain modelling in irregular domain using finite element thin plate splines and adaptive refinement

Abstract: Digital terrain models (DTMs) are created using elevation data collected in geological surveys using varied sampling techniques like airborne lidar and depth soundings. This often leads to large data sets with different distribution patterns, which may require smooth data approximations in irregular domains with complex boundaries. The thin plate spline (TPS) interpolates scattered data and produces visually pleasing surfaces, but it is too computationally expensive for large data sizes. The finite element thin plate spline (TPSFEM) possesses smoothing properties similar to those of the TPS and interpolates large data sets efficiently. This article investigates the performance of the TPSFEM and adaptive mesh refinement in irregular domains. Boundary conditions are critical for the accuracy of the solution in domains with arbitrary-shaped boundaries and are approximated using the TPS with a subset of sampled points. Numerical experiments are conducted on aerial, terrestrial and bathymetric surveys. It is shown that the TPSFEM works well in square and irregular domains for modelling terrain surfaces and adaptive refinement significantly improves its efficiency. A comparison of the TPSFEM, TPS and compactly supported radial basis functions indicates its competitiveness in terms of accuracy and costs.