A Generalised Linear Model Framework for $β$-Variational Autoencoders based on Exponential Dispersion Families

Abstract: Although variational autoencoders (VAE) are successfully used to obtain meaningful low-dimensional representations for high-dimensional data, the characterization of critical points of the loss function for general observation models is not fully understood. We introduce a theoretical framework that is based on a connection between $\beta$-VAE and generalized linear models (GLM). The equality between the activation function of a $\beta$-VAE and the inverse of the link function of a GLM enables us to provide a systematic generalization of the loss analysis for $\beta$-VAE based on the assumption that the observation model distribution belongs to an exponential dispersion family (EDF). As a result, we can initialize $\beta$-VAE nets by maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) that enhance the training performance on both synthetic and real world data sets. As a further consequence, we analytically describe the auto-pruning property inherent in the $\beta$-VAE objective and reason for posterior collapse.