Resolve the fundamental composition and interior-structure uncertainties of Uranus and Neptune

Determine the atmospheric composition, bulk composition, and internal structure of Uranus and Neptune in order to resolve fundamental uncertainties about their formation, evolution, and atmospheric structure.

Background

The introduction identifies the limited observational record for Uranus and Neptune—particularly the absence of a dedicated spacecraft mission—as a major obstacle to characterizing these planets. The unresolved atmospheric and bulk compositions and internal structures impede understanding of their formation and thermal evolution and motivate the proposed need for a dedicated Uranus Orbiter and Probe mission.