Quantify boundary-layer and mesoscale restoring feedbacks

Quantify restoring feedbacks associated with broader boundary-layer adjustment, horizontal advection, and mesoscale circulations, and determine the characteristic timescales over which these feedbacks develop and become fully realized.

Background

Existing analyses of restoring feedback have focused mainly on processes within the urban canopy, with limited extensions to atmospheric temperature adjustment. However, anthropogenic heat can modify the broader boundary layer and interact with horizontal transport and mesoscale circulations. These processes may alter the temperature response over spatial and temporal scales larger than those represented in canopy-air energy-balance analyses, but their feedback strengths and adjustment timescales have not yet been adequately quantified.

References

Restoring feedbacks associated with broader boundary-layer adjustment, horizontal advection, and mesoscale circulations, however, remain largely unquantified, as do the characteristic timescales over which these feedbacks develop and become fully realized.

— Anthropogenic Heat in Urban Climate Systems: Forcing, Sensitivity, and Feedback  (2608.17782 - Li et al., 18 Aug 2026) in Section 6, subsection “Understanding feedback parameters”