Multi-species liquid phase-change closure

Extend the conservative sharp-interface and diffuse-interface coupling method to liquid mixtures in which only one component undergoes phase change, and develop the additional interfacial thermodynamic closure required when multiple liquid species can undergo phase change.

Background

The presented method treats the liquid phase as a pure liquid composed solely of the phase-changing species, while the gas phase may contain condensable and non-condensable species. Practical applications may involve liquid mixtures, including cases in which only one liquid component evaporates or condenses, as well as cases in which several liquid components undergo phase change. The latter situation cannot be handled directly by the current formulation because the interfacial Riemann problem and energy/species exchange conditions require additional thermodynamic closure relations. The authors identify extension to liquid mixtures as a next step and explicitly defer the multi-component phase-change closure to future work.

References

Extension to liquid mixtures in which only one component undergoes phase change is a natural next step for the present method. When multiple liquid species can undergo phase change, however, additional interfacial thermodynamic closure will be required and will be considered in future work.

— A conservative coupling method of sharp-interface and multi-species model for compressible reacting gas-liquid flows with phase change  (2609.03509 - Song et al., 3 Sep 2026) in Section Conclusions