Influence of cold Jupiters on inner small planets

Ascertain the influence of cold Jupiter exoplanets on small inner planets, including super-Earths, by determining whether cold Jupiters are associated with enhanced co-occurrence of inner small planets or suppression of their formation within the same systems.

Background

Observational studies have reported conflicting results: some find a high co-occurrence rate between cold Jupiters and inner super-Earths, while others suggest that cold Jupiters suppress inner planet formation.

The paper notes that this disagreement persists and that clarifying the relationship is important for understanding planetary system architectures and formation pathways.

References

Overall, the influence of cold Jupiters on small planets, such as super-Earths, remains unresolved.

— Detection of four cold Jupiters through combined analyses of radial velocity and astrometry data  (2601.11280 - Wu et al., 16 Jan 2026) in Introduction (Section 1)

However, the physical origin of this correlation remains an open question.

— On the Orbital Evolution of Giant Planet Pair Embedded in a Gaseous Disk. III. simultaneous gas accretion and the final mass ratio  (2610.18368 - Zhao et al., 13 Oct 2026) in Section 5.2, “The Super-Earth–Cold Jupiter Correlation”