Identify the separate time constants governing irreversible lithium formation

Identify the separate time constants associated with electronic isolation, interphase growth, deposition localization, and subsequent stripping accessibility, which cannot be determined from lithium-plating onset state of charge alone.

Background

The lithium-plating model separates gross lithium deposition from the fraction that becomes irreversible within the finite interval before the onset measurement. It represents this fraction with a bounded rate-dependent power law over the measured 2–6 C charging range.

The paper explicitly notes that several physical processes may contribute to the observed rate dependence: electronic isolation, interphase growth, deposition localization, and subsequent stripping. Because onset state of charge alone does not contain enough information to distinguish their individual dynamics, their separate time constants remain unidentified. Resolving these time constants would require observations beyond the onset state-of-charge measurement, but the paper does not specify a particular additional experimental protocol.

References

Electronic isolation, interphase growth, deposition localization, and subsequent stripping can add further rate dependence. Their separate time constants cannot be identified from onset SOC alone.

— EvoSim: Learning to Model, Modeling to Learn  (2610.11344 - Song et al., 8 Oct 2026) in Appendix, Section “Lithium-Plating Onset Prediction,” paragraph following Equation (appendix-plating-accumulation)