Forces maintaining spherical shape of Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs)

Determine the physical forces and mechanisms that cause Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs)—negatively charged spherical charge clusters—to form and maintain a spherical shape despite the significant predominance of electrons over ions and the strong electron–electron electrostatic repulsion.

Background

The paper draws an analogy between ball lightning (BL) and Exotic Vacuum Objects (EVOs), noting that EVOs are negatively charged spherical charge clusters observed at the micron scale and are capable of forming chains, exploding with X-ray emission, and tunneling through obstacles. Despite these observations, the authors explicitly acknowledge unresolved questions concerning the stability and formation of EVOs’ spherical geometry given their extreme electron dominance and mutual repulsion among electrons.