Determine the origin of the missing Huygens energy factor

Determine the physical origin of the approximately telescope-independent missing energy factor u, which is required for the Huygens-based image-formation model to conserve the energy transported from the mirror to the camera screen.

Background

The Huygens-based image-formation method introduces a global weight w to account for the relative areas, sampling densities, and point-spread-function containment between mirror and camera scatter centers. The proposed geometric expression reproduces energy transport only after multiplication by an empirical factor u, whose values range from 4.7 to 6.7 for the Crome, Medium, and Large telescope configurations.

Although the authors suspect that the discrepancy is related to the assumed isotropic emission of the Huygens scatter centers, rather than the forward-hemisphere emission and angular dependence of a physical mirror, they do not establish its origin. Resolving this issue would improve the physical grounding of the energy calibration.