Determine electric-field-induced second-order nonlinearities of additional materials

Determine the electric-field-induced second-order nonlinearities of materials for which the relevant nonlinear coefficients remain unknown, in order to identify materials suitable for programmable quasi-phase matching and nonlinear photonics.

Background

The programmable nonlinearity in the demonstrated devices is generated through the electric-field-induced second-harmonic effect, in which a bias electric field combines with a material’s third-order response to produce an effective second-order nonlinearity. The authors note that reported electric-field-induced second-order nonlinearities span a wide range across materials, while the available literature remains limited. Establishing these unknown values would support material selection for stronger nonlinear interactions, broader transparency windows, and applications such as mid-infrared nonlinear optics.

References

The literature on electric-field-induced \chi{(2)} nonlinearity is still scarce, and the values for many materials remain unknown.

— Programmable nonlinearity within nanophotonic waveguides  (2610.02024 - Ash et al., 1 Oct 2026) in Section "Discussion," subsection "Limitations and potential improvements"