Construct multi-oscillating solitonic boson-star families

Construct multi-oscillating boson-star families for the solitonic potential and demonstrate whether the pseudo-oscillatons formed in the collapse of scalar clouds are multi-oscillators with up to four frequencies.

Background

The paper identifies long-lived, non-stationary compact objects called pseudo-oscillatons that arise during the collapse of scalar clouds in the solitonic boson-star model. Their central-field Fourier spectrum contains several significant peaks, unlike the single dominant frequency of an equilibrium boson star.

The authors propose that these objects may correspond to the multi-oscillating boson-star solutions previously constructed for the Einstein–Klein–Gordon system. Establishing this interpretation requires constructing the corresponding multi-oscillator solution families for the solitonic potential, which is particularly difficult for small values of the solitonic parameter because even ordinary equilibrium boson stars become numerically challenging to compute.

References

We therefore conjecture that this object can be construed as a multi-oscillator on up to 4 frequencies. Demonstrating this would require us to construct multi-oscillator families for the solitonic family, which is likely to be highly involved in the case of small $\sigma_0,$ where even ordinary BSs become difficult to compute by standard methods.

— Stability and Formation of Solitonic Boson Stars  (2609.30021 - Marks, 24 Sep 2026) in Section 4, Formation Results, paragraph preceding Figure 7