Cloud interoperability and composition across providers remain unresolved

Construct interoperable cloud connectivity and middleware that enable composition of complex services across multiple providers without requiring provider cooperation, including mechanisms for intercloud service discovery, billing, accounting, and cloud‑suitable pricing.

Background

The paper argues that, despite advances in cloud portability via adapters, libraries, and containers, key challenges remain in achieving interoperability and seamless composition of services across providers—especially without their cooperation.

It calls for intercloud markets and new pricing/accounting mechanisms to make such federations viable.

References

Nevertheless, there is still a variety of challenges that have existed since the beginning of cloud computing but, due to their complexities, have not been adequately resolved yet.

— Modern Computing: Vision and Challenges  (2401.02469 - Gill et al., 2024) in Section 4.2 (General‑Purpose Computing → Focus/Paradigms) — Integrated Computing

The workflows community has repeatedly named multi-facility execution and heterogeneous resources as open challenges.

— The Other Half of Workflow Portability: Evidence-Backed HPC Site Profiles with Agentic Discovery  (2610.00971 - Islam et al., 1 Oct 2026) in Section Related Work, subsection “Machine-readable site descriptions”