Characterize the variability and physical properties of quiescent M-dwarf radio emission

Characterize the rate of change and range of physical properties of quiescent radio emission from M dwarfs, which remain unknown despite substantial intrinsic variability.

Background

The paper explains that quiescent radio emission from M dwarfs is generally attributed to gyrosynchrotron radiation, but that direct spectroscopic confirmations and physical constraints remain limited. Existing observations indicate substantial variability in radio quiescence, while the cited studies suggest that the spectral shape may remain comparatively stable over hour-to-day timescales.

Establishing the rate at which the quiescent emission changes and the range of its underlying physical properties would improve constraints on the gyrosynchrotron source and clarify its relationship to emission at other wavelengths and to stellar space-weather effects.