Dice Question Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Is BPP0 equal to P0^{RP}?

Ascertain whether the class of problems with constant bounded-error randomized communication complexity (BPP0) coincides with the class computable by constant-cost deterministic protocols with oracle access to some problem in RP (P0^{RP}); i.e., prove or refute BPP0 = P0^{RP}.

Information Square Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Background

This longstanding question (originating in prior work) asks if constant bounded-error randomized protocols can always be simulated by constant-cost deterministic protocols with access to one-sided-error randomized oracles. It probes whether bounded randomness can be captured by deterministic computation plus RP oracles.

Resolving this would refine the landscape of constant-cost communication classes and either yield a powerful simulation principle or establish a fundamental separation.

References

We refer to for many other open problems regarding the complexity classes in \cref{fig:hierarchy}, and more. Is $\BPP_0 = \P_0{\RP}$?

Sign-Rank of $k$-Hamming Distance is Constant (2506.12022 - Göös et al., 1 May 2025) in Section 6.4 (Open Problems)