Association of stellar flares with SEP events

Establish whether stellar energetic particle (SEP) events are statistically associated with stellar flares across stellar types and activity levels, and quantify SEP occurrence rates and properties relative to flare energy to avoid overestimations based on solar flare–SEP scalings.

Background

Solar flare–SEP relationships exhibit large scatter and can hide important variability dimensions (e.g., duration vs. peak intensity), making direct extrapolation to other stars unreliable.

Demonstrating or refuting a robust flare–SEP association in the stellar regime is essential for evaluating particle-driven impacts on exoplanet atmospheres and for developing calibrated scaling relations.