Assess whether low conversion efficiency permits chondrule recycling

Determine whether a chondrule-conversion efficiency substantially below unity in the debris-dust bombardment model is consistent with meteoritic evidence for repeated chondrule heating and with the total chondrule mass budget.

Background

The model predicts that the chondrule-production efficiency depends on the assumed ejecta radius. If the efficiency is much less than one, only a small fraction of the incoming debris is returned to the disk as chondrules.

The authors explicitly leave unresolved whether such inefficient production can reproduce both the observed evidence that chondrules experienced multiple heating events and the total mass of chondrules present in meteorites.

References

It remains to be discussed whether this is consistent with observational evidence that meteoritic chondrules experienced multiple heating events, as well as with the total chondrule mass budget.

— The dust-rich, gas-depleted protosolar disk as the birthplace of chondrules  (2608.16204 - Arakawa et al., 17 Aug 2026) in Appendix A.4, Section “Dependence on the ejecta radius”