Adversarial manipulation of Lyapunov-based monitors

Determine whether an attacker can inject or manipulate PMU measurements so as to deceive a Lyapunov-exponent-based power-system stability monitor, and characterize the resulting cyber-physical vulnerability.

Background

Conditional Lyapunov exponents have been linked to cyber-intrusion risk, but the interaction between malicious measurement manipulation and Lyapunov-exponent estimation has not been studied. The unresolved issue is whether crafted PMU data can induce a false stability assessment.

References

(6) LLE under cyber-physical attacks. Yan et al. [124] connected conditional Lyapunov exponent (CLEs) to cyber-intrusion risk, but the interaction between adversarial measurement manipulation and LLE estimation-specifically, can an attacker inject PMU data to fool a LLE-based stability monitor?- has not been studied.

— Lyapunov Exponents in Power Systems: A Survey of Theory and Applications in Stability, Control, Forecasting, and Protection  (2610.23809 - Almomani et al., 16 Oct 2026) in Section VII-H, p. 29