Tracing attosecond currents and controlling their direction in a scanning tunneling microscope (2507.10252v1)

Abstract: The tunneling effect driven by waveform-controlled laser pulses is a cornerstone of attosecond science and contributes decisively to its extreme time resolution. In the spatial domain, electron tunneling through a bias-driven junction between a nanotip and a surface enables atomic-scale spatial resolution in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Recently, first signatures of attosecond modulation of STM currents have shown that simultaneous attosecond-nanometer resolution is feasible. However, while sub-cycle attosecond dynamics are routinely controlled and determined with high precision, controlling the direction of the currents and determining their duration have remained elusive in STM. Here, we induce STM tunneling currents using two-color laser pulses and dynamically control their direction, relying solely on the sub-cycle waveform of the pulses. Projecting our measurement data onto numerical and analytical solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation reveals non-adiabatic tunneling as the underlying physical mechanism, yielding current burst durations on the order of 900 as. Despite working under ambient conditions but free from thermal artifacts, we achieve a lateral spatial resolution of 2 nm and sub-angstr\"om topographic sensitivity. Directional control of attosecond bursts in STM will enable triggering and detecting ultrafast charge dynamics in molecular systems and defect states at the spatio-temporal frontier of microscopy.