Proportion Estimation by Masked Learning from Label Proportion

Abstract: The PD-L1 rate, the number of PD-L1 positive tumor cells over the total number of all tumor cells, is an important metric for immunotherapy. This metric is recorded as diagnostic information with pathological images. In this paper, we propose a proportion estimation method with a small amount of cell-level annotation and proportion annotation, which can be easily collected. Since the PD-L1 rate is calculated from only tumor cells' and not usingnon-tumor cells', we first detect tumor cells with a detection model. Then, we estimate the PD-L1 proportion by introducing a masking technique to `learning from label proportion.' In addition, we propose a weighted focal proportion loss to address data imbalance problems. Experiments using clinical data demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Our method achieved the best performance in comparisons.