Adaptive Q-Chunking (AQC)
- Adaptive Q-Chunking (AQC) is a collection of methods that dynamically determine chunk boundaries or lengths in texts, actions, or data streams based on context-specific control signals.
- It is applied in retrieval-augmented generation, offline-to-online reinforcement learning, robotics, and storage systems to optimize efficiency, relevance, and resource usage.
- Empirical evaluations report improved precision in text segmentation, enhanced performance with multi-horizon critics in RL, and lower latency in storage and robotic deployments.
99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99^( Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99^ 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( 99 99 Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( Q-Chunking (Gireesh et al., 7 May 2026, Rastogi, 29 Apr 2026, Shin et al., 11 May 2026, Chen et al., 10 May 2026, Feng et al., 2 Jun 2026, Shaukat et al., 7 Mar 2026, Zhao et al., 12 Mar 2026, Li et al., 10 Jul 2025, Liang et al., 2014, Zhao et al., 2024)999 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^( 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99^ 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99