How Quantum Is Light? Concepts, Measures, and Applications of Optical Quantumness

Abstract: Quantum states are ultimately responsible for numerous counterintuitive phenomena that defy classical intuition. As the development of quantum technologies accelerates, our ability to harness these quantum resources becomes essential. This review addresses a fundamental question. How do we quantify the quantumness of a state, and which specific traits distinguish it from its classical counterparts? We examine quantumness through both theoretical and operational lenses, providing a clear framework for state characterization. Ultimately, we demonstrate that certifying quantumness is not just a theoretical exercise. It is a practical necessity for identifying, and realizing quantum advantage in real-world applications.