Properties and limitations of linear models for mutual coupling in 21 cm arrays

Abstract: Mutual coupling between elements of low-frequency arrays is a leading systematic for 21 cm cosmology, leaking bright foregrounds into otherwise clean regions of the power spectrum. Many mitigation models describe coupling as a linear combination of uncoupled signals re-radiated from neighboring feeds, but data suggest additional mechanisms. Inspired by antenna scattering theory, we decompose coupling into an antenna mode, constructed from translated isolated responses and expected to be removable by linear combination models, and a structural mode, the remainder. Full-wave simulations of HERA-like feeds and dishes in a 37-element hexagonal array show that the antenna mode accounts for only about 1% of the beam perturbation power, suggesting limited scope for mitigation with linear models. Two effects nevertheless lead to substantially better suppression. First, correlating beams and weighting them by the sky changes the modes' relative importance: correcting the antenna mode can remove more than half of the coupling power in simulated visibilities. Second, relaxing the coefficient relationships imposed by re-radiation allows linear corrections to remove structural-mode coupling too. Beam-derived corrections can reduce coupling power by over an order of magnitude in our noiseless simulations of perfectly redundant arrays. Fitting directly to known isolated visibilities reduces residuals further on the fitted field, but this target is generally unavailable in observations. Practical correction therefore requires additional constraints to separate the unknown sky from coupling while preserving the cosmological signal. We introduce an extension of holographic back-projection to coupled beams, providing an intuitive picture of these perturbations in the aperture plane.