From Signals to Evidence: Interpretable Underwater Acoustic Target Sensing with Large Language Models - Part I: Framework and Recognition

Abstract: Underwater acoustic target detection and recognition are essential to marine surveillance and intelligent ocean sensing. Despite substantial advances in deep learning, existing systems typically produce binary detection decisions, categorical labels, or scalar confidence scores, offering limited insight into the physical evidence underlying their outputs. LLMs offer an opportunity to move underwater acoustic sensing toward interpretable, evidence-grounded understanding; however, generic audio encoders struggle to capture the distinctive physical characteristics of underwater acoustics, and physically annotated data are scarce. In this paper, the first of a two-part series, we propose a from-signals-to-evidence framework that integrates physics-aware acoustic encoding with a pretrained LLM, organized around a unified feature-evidence-decision chain with a shared reasoning core. An open input layer accommodates heterogeneous information-raw waveforms, time-frequency representations, environmental and geographic data, and textual physical priors-unifying detection and recognition within a common formulation. In Part I, we instantiate this framework for target recognition through an Underwater Acoustic Physics-aware Transformer (UPT), which tokenizes complementary acoustic representations and learns task-disentangled physical representations through four physics-oriented learning tasks. We develop a physics-parameterized data engine that provides traceable supervision at two levels of granularity and introduce an attribute-level evaluation protocol to assess the physical fidelity of generated descriptions. Experiments on simulated recordings of four vessels demonstrate accurate vessel recognition and reliable estimation of shaft frequency, blade-passing frequency, and machinery-related attributes.