Evolved stars: dust formation and mass loss

Abstract: Evolved stars drive the chemical enrichment of the Universe, acting as primary producers of elemental products of nucleosynthesis and cosmic dust. Unraveling the exact role played by these objects requires empirical constraints on the interplay between pulsation, convection, magnetic fields, mass loss, and dust formation at small (milliarcsecond) scales, currently limited to only a handful of sources. Next-generation facilities, particularly the new ALMA2040, will enable systematic, spatially resolved studies of mass loss and dust formation across large samples of evolved stars, expanding from a few tens to hundreds of objects and providing the empirical constraints needed to understand the recycling and chemical enrichment of baryonic matter throughout the Universe.