From Non-Thermal to Thermal: Cosmological Imprints of Self-Interacting Secluded Dark Matter

Abstract: Dark matter (DM), secluded from the Standard Model (SM), can attain internal thermalization through self-interactions. We investigate the thermalization of a real scalar DM field with a quartic self-coupling, initially produced from the perturbative decay of the coherently oscillating inflaton field during reheating. The thermalization process has been studied numerically by solving Boltzmann equation of the DM momentum distribution function in presence of $2\rightarrow2$ DM elastic self-scatterings. In the absence of number-changing processes, the thermalized dark sector is characterized by a temperature and a nonzero chemical potential, determined by the inflaton mass and the reheat temperature. We find that if the inflaton mass is greater (smaller) than the reheat temperature, the DM temperature can be greater (smaller) than the SM temperature during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, without violating any cosmological constraints. This is realized with a negative (positive) chemical potential for the DM temperature greater (smaller) than the SM one. Depending on DM production history, we can achieve the lower limit on the DM mass much below than in warm DM scenarios. The thermalization via self-scatterings tends to suppress the DM co-moving free-streaming length, compared to the non-thermal scenario without any collisions. Consequently, the lower limit on the DM mass weakens approximately by $40\%$ for a suitable choice of quartic self-coupling than in the non-thermal scenario. We obtain the lower limits on the thermal DM mass to be $2.2\times10<sup>{-10}$ GeV and $0.47$ GeV for reheat temperatures, $5\times 10<sup>6$ GeV and $5$ MeV respectively, while the inflaton mass is set at $10^3$ GeV.